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2022-11-29 11:16:22 | 人围观 | 评论:




2016年考研英语阅读真题(一)text3

Text3选自2015年6月25日的 The economist(《经济学人》),原文标题为“?The?halo effect:Do- gooding Policies Help Firms When They Get Prosecuted”(《光环效应:公司被起诉时,行善政策会帮助他们》)。本文是社会经济类文本,主要探讨公司承担企业社会责任的程度对自身的影响。

一、数一数全文一共由几个段落组成,标上序号。

二、最后一题,看看是不中心主旨题:

35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?(快速阅读定位于CSR)

A. The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.

B. Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

C. Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

D. It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

由最后一段可知,以下关于CSR的叙述,哪一项是正确的?

A.公司在CSR上的必要支出金额是未知的。

B.公司在CSR上的财务能力被高估了。

C.CSR对企业的负面影响常常被忽略。

D.?CSR为银行业带来了诸多益处。

35题不是中心主旨题,可以放一放。

?

看完32题干可知CSR?helps a company,可以否定C,它负面的,D与企业无关,B.公司在CSR上的财务能力被高估了,偏负,A 是否正确,有待验证。

?

三、听懂人话(看看题干,审题,看老师问了你什么?文章的中心是什么,结构是什么?用联系的方法去做题

31.?The author?views?Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR?with(中心主旨)

对米尔顿·弗里德曼关于CSR的说法,作者持的态度;本质是作者对CSR的观点。和中心主旨相关。

Views ...with ?With用什么方式

?statement=remark

答案在第一段,因32题在Paragraph 2。

看完32题CSR?helps a company,“米尔顿·弗里德曼关于CSR的说法”是正面的,作者将持正面,否则相反。

?

32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR?helps?a company?by

根据第二段所述,CSR通过来...帮助公司

从CSR?helps a company,可看出CSR是好,是中心话题。

?

33. The expression “more lenient”?(Para. 4) is closest in meaning to

与“ more lenient”(第四段第二行)这表述意思最为接近的是

与CSR有联系,且CSR helps a company。“more lenient”是对公司有帮助。看看具体语竟。

?

34. When prosecutors?evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record

当检察官评估案件时,公司的CSR记录

CSR helps a company,定位在prosecutors,在第五段。

Prosecutor??[?pr?s?kju:t?(r)]n.公诉人,检察官(secut=follow,表示"跟随,追"

四、顺藤摸瓜,根据中心:顺藤是顺着题干这根藤,摸到答案。也就是说:根据题干的具体情况和提示信息,利用不同的解题方法回到原文逐一寻找每一道题的准确答案信息来源或依据。答案必须有依据。

31. The author views?Milton Friedman’s?statement?about CSR with

A. uncertainty. B. skepticism.

C. approval.  D. tolerance.

作者用什么方式看米尔顿·弗里德曼关于CSR的说法

A.不确定 B.怀疑 C.赞成  D.容忍

【模糊定位】AD不考,态度暧昧,不大可能是选项,答案从BC中选;两个对立的选项是二选一的题型;

在浏览题干中可知:CSR helps a company是中心话题,如果“米尔顿·弗里德曼关于CSR的说法”是正面的,作者将赞成,答案是C,否则是B.怀疑。

由“and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money”可知 Milton Friedman’s?对CSR是负面的,作者跟他急,答案是B.怀疑。

?

在②But even if you accept Friedman’s premise?and regard corporate social responsibility?(CSR)?policies as a waste of shareholders’ money,?things may not be absolutely clear-cut.中包含了题干中Friedman、?(CSR) ,答案定位在本句。

premise前提(预先送出→前提);

promise诺言(pre=pro预先+mise送→在做事前送出的话)

【精准定位】首段①句先介绍Friedman观点,?even if表示让步,答案在主句。②句则指出作者看法“即便你接受 Friedman的基本观点,事情也可能并非那么绝对”,③句引用最新研究发现具体说明作者观点“CSR能为企业创造货币价值”。可见作者对Friedman观点持怀疑态度,[B]正确

【命题解密】正确项[B]是对首段②③句 Even if you?accept. things may not be?absolutely clear-cut. CSR?may create monetary value?for companies中所传达作者态度的合理推断。

【葵花宝典】?even if表示让步,答案在主句things may not be absolutely clear-cut.事情也可能并不是绝对明确的,这是对?Milton Friedman’s statement的怀疑。

出现New,now时,话锋一转,提醒中心要出现了。

?

【1段】①“There is one and only one social responsibility?of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”?②But even if?you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money,?things may not be absolutely clear-cut. ③New?research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

【句子分析】①That is, to use its resources and engage in activities?designed to increase its profits。

That is, to use its resources and engage in activities是主系表结构。That是主语。to use its resources and engage in activities是表语,designed to increase its profits分词后置定语,修饰activities。

But even if也就是说这是一个并列句中套用复合句的“并列复合句”。But表示并列,even if表示让步。这个知识点多数老师讲错。

多数人见but就说是转折,若是转折,答案直接在but后找,而这个答案是在But even if逗号后的一个句子找到的。

But不一定全表示转折,有时表示递进,有时表示并列。表示并列时可以不译出。

表示并列:tonight you are mine...,but will you still love me tomorrow.这里的but是并列,前后是致的,可以不译。

表示递进:I don’t love you,but I can’t live without you.

Responsibility?[r??sp?ns??b?l?ti]n.责任,义务; 职责;

(spons=promise,response[n.回答,反应]+ibility表名词)

?

?

【1段】“企业有且只有一种社会责任,”诺贝尔奖获得者,经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼曾写道,“那就是,运用自身资源并从事旨在增加其利润的活动。”(31)即使你接受弗里德曼的前提,认为企业社会责任(CSR)政策是在浪费股东的钱,事情也可能是一分为二的。新的研究表明,CSR可能会为公司创造货币价值——至少在公司因腐败而被起诉时会是如此。

?

32.?According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by

(难点,题干在文章里面无法定位,必须理解全文)

A. guarding it against malpractices.

B. protecting it from being defamed.

C. winning trust from consumers.

D. raising the quality of its products.

?

?

根据第二段所述,CSR通过什么来帮助公司。

A.防范出现不法行为

B.保护公司免遭诽谤

C.赢得消费者的信任

D.提高公司产品质量

?

Malpractices??[m?lp'r?kt?s?z]不正之风;舞弊(mal-表示"坏,恶";)

benefit ?[?ben?f?t]n.好处; 优势(bene-表示"善,好")

defame [d??fe?m]vt.诽谤,中伤;(de=not;fame名声)

?

【精准定位】由题干定位于?②This could add value to their businesses in three ways。引申意是帮助公司,CSR使企业增值的三种方式:一、消费者将CSR看作是企业产品质量高的标志;二、消费者出于间接捐助慈善事业的心理愿意购买产品;三、CSR使消费者及他人对企业更加关注并认可。可见这三种方式共同之处在于“为企业赢得来自消费者的信任”,[C]正确。

?

【葵花宝典】这样做太正经了,我只看到从三个方面增加公司的价值,三个句子,它们的交集中包含consumers这个主语,都在谈consumers在干什么,至于干什么,我不知道,也不想知道,备选答案C. winning trust from consumers中有consumers是正确答案。四个风马牛不相及的备选答案,只需在文中找到蛛丝马迹便可。没必要那么老实,事实上,你把它们认真仔细地看完,还是雾里看花,水中看月,于得分关系不大。

?

【错题本】对于成绩好一点的同学,可能把A.malpractices当成正确答案,(不法行为)源自第一段末句 when they are?prosecuted for corruption, 将CSR能使企业“因不法行为受诉时受罚较轻”改为“避免做出不法行为”。这样出题是因为我们平时常从一段的最后一句来推断第二段的内容,第二段懒得看。又没看清,它错在偷梁换柱。

【经验分享】用上一段的最后一句来推测下一段的内容,不失为一种好方法,但忌讳备选答案中偷梁换柱。

【2段】①The largest firms in America and Britain together?spend?more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.?②This could add value to their businesses in three ways.?③First, consumers?may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.?④Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes(事业)?it helps. ⑤And third, through a more diffuse “halo(光环)?effect,” whereby(凭此)?its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

【句子分析】③consumers?may?take?CSR spending as?a “signal”?that a company’s products are of high quality.

主语consumers,谓语:take...as;宾语:a “signal”;

that a company’s products are of high quality.是同位语从句。修饰a “signal”。

?

?Take...as把…理解为;

Spend...on在…上花费(时间等)

Spend?sth (on sth/on doing sth)

add to增加, 加强;

Take...as把…理解为

diffuse [d??fju?s , d??fju?z]分散的(dif=away+fuse流→分开流)

Donate [d???ne?t] v.赠送; 捐献?(don=give)

【2段】根据一家EPG咨询公司的估算,美国和英国最大的公司每年在CSR上的支出总计超过150亿美元。这能从三个方面增加公司的价值。(32)首先,消费者可能会将CSR费用视为公司产品质量高的“信号”。其次,消费者可能会愿意购买某个公司的产品,以一种间接的方式来捐助该公司所资助的公益事业。最后,通过一种更广泛的“光环效应”,公司的善行会贏得消费者和其他群体更多的关注。

?

【3段】①Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating?these effects because consumers can be affected by?all three. ②A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under?America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). ③It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,?they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

have?trouble(in)doing做...有困难

be affected by感受;

attempt to尝试;

bribery行贿;

bride新娘

Under+法律=according to

【3段】先前有关CSR的研究都很难区分这些影响,因为消费者可能会受到以上三个方面的综合影响。最近的一项研究试图通过查阅美国《反海外腐败法》(FCPA)中的行贿起诉来区分对待。该研究认为,由于检察官们不会把消费某个公司的产品作为其调查的一部分,因此他们可能只会受到光环效应的影响。

33. The expression “more lenient” (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to

A. less controversial.

B. more lasting.

C. more effective.

D. less severe.

controversial [?k?ntr??v???l]adj.有争议的,引发争论的(cont反;ro=rol转;vert=turn转+ial……的)

effective [??fekt?v]adj.有效的; 实际的(e=out;fect=do,)

severe?[s??v??(r)]adj.十分严重的; (sever诚恳+e→严肃的)

persevere [?p??s??v??(r)] 坚持,坚忍,不屈不挠

(per始终+sever诚恳+e→始终诚恳→坚持不懈)

与“ more lenient”(第四段第二行)这表述意思最为接近的是

A.争议更少的

C.更有效的

B.更持久的

D.不太严厉的

【模糊定位】CSR helps a company,是中心话题;?more lenient?penalties;惩罚是不好的东西,前面修饰它的肯定是偏负的,负负得正,从“A. less controversial.D.less severe”中选一个,我不说答案,你肯定选D,将A代入,不符合题意.

【精准定位】第四段①句(考查词所在句)指出,研究发现CRS计划最全面的企业往往会获得什么样的处罚。②句进一步指出,研究排除了“由于企业的政治影响力,而非其CSR担当使它们获得宽大处理”的可能:为政治活动捐款更多的企业受到的罚款并不更低。可见, more lenient大概含义为“较轻的处罚,较低的罚款”[D]正确。

【命题解密】[D] less severe正确解读②句对①句的补充解释逻辑,体现 more lenient penalties与lower fines的同义关系。

?

?

【4段】①The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get?more lenient?penalties.?②Their analysis ruled out?the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

ruled out排除…的可能性

accounted for 导致,引起

leniency ['li:n??ns?]n.宽大,仁慈

【长难句】?Their analysis ruled out the possibility ①that?it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand,② that?accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

①that引导同位语从句。

it ...that引导的强调句。

【4段】(33)研究发现,在被起诉的公司中,那些有着最全面CSR方案的公司往往会受到更宽大的处罚。他们的分析排除了如下可能性,公司受到宽大处理是因为其政治影响力,而非CSR担当:为政治运动做出了更多贡献的公司并没有得到较轻的处罚。

?

?

【5段】①In all, the study concludes that?whereas?prosecutors?should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they?do?seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. ②“We estimate that?either?eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or?increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.

?whereas?[?we?r??z]然而,是让步句,答案是短号后面的主句。

merits功德

【5段】(34)总之,该研究得出的结论是,尽管检察官应仅根据案情本身来评估案件,但他们似乎确实也受到了公司CSR记录的影响。一名研究人员称,“我们估计,不管是消除诸如童工这样的实质性劳工权益问题,还是将企业捐赠增加约20%,其结果通常是,罚款金额比贿赂外国官员的典型处罚金额低40%”。

34. When prosecutors?evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record

A. comes across as reliable evidence.

B. has an impact on their decision.

C. increases the chance of being penalized.

D. constitutes part of the investigation.

impact on对…冲击,碰撞

当检察官评估案件时,公司的CSR记录

A.会成为可靠的证据

B.会影响他们的决定

C.会增加被处罚的可能性

D.是调查的组成部分

【模糊定位】CSR helps a company,是中心话题;?When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record,对公司有帮助,B.会影响他们的决定可能是答案。A会成为可靠的证据、D与中心没关联,C正好相反。只能选B.

【精准定位】根据题干中prosecutors直接定位至第五段。

该段首句指出,检察官原本应该只是基于案情本身进行评判,但实际上他们确实会受到公司CSR记录的影响,可见[B]符合文义。

?

其实在三段③It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,?they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

四段①The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient?penalties. 3、4段都说明了:B.会影响他们的决定。

?

【葵花宝典】从语法上看:they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR是强调句,对动词强调,是重点,考试考的是重点,它可能是答案。

?Whereas引导的是让步状语句,答案是短号后面的主句。

两项交叉一起,很大可能是答案所在处。

?

35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?

A. The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.

B. Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

C. Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

D. It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

the amount of…数量;

negative消极的;

positive?积极乐观的

?

由最后一段可知,以下关于CSR的叙述,哪一项是正确的?

A.公司在CSR上的必要支出金额是未知的。

B.公司在CSR上的财务能力被高估了。

C.CSR对企业的负面影响常常被忽略。

D.CSR为银行业带来了诸多益处。

【模糊定位】CSR helps a company,是中心话题;C.CSR对企业的负面影响常常被忽略与中心相反。D.CSR为银行业带来了诸多益处与中心无关。B.公司在CSR上的财务能力被高估了偏负面,答案可能是A.?

【精准定位】末段首句指出,研究未能回答“企业应该在CSR上投人多少”这一问题,也即企业在CSR上具体的必要花费数额尚不得而知,[B]正确。

【命题解密】正确项[A]是对末段首句 their study does not answer the question at how

much businesses ought to spend on CSR的同义改写.

【葵花宝典】banking on=rely on,动词+介词,前面的动词=do,决定作用的是介词。且后面决定全面。

【6段】①Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. ②Nor does it reveal how much companies are?banking on?the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. ③But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

bank on依靠,指望

【6段】(35)研究人员承认,他们的研究未能解答企业应在CSR上支出多少的问题。同时也没有表明公司在做善行决策时应寄多少希望于光环效应,而不是其他可能的利益。但至少他们证明了在公司陷入法律纠纷时,品质良好的证据会让它们付出更少的罚金。






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