2022-06-14 14:20:51 | 人围观 | 评论:
动词的时态(一)
一,一般现在时
在英语中,不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态。
时态从时间上划分动词原形用英语怎么说,可分为四大类:现在时;过去时;将来时;过去将来时。从行为上,每一类可以分为四种形式:一般式;进行式;完成式;完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来,总共有十六种时态,初中只需掌握其中的八种时态。
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示现在的状态、习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。
①当动词是be时,第一人称用am,第二人称用is,其他人称用are.
②当动词是实义动词时,一般用动词原形,但如果主语是第三人称单数时,动词必须用第三人称单数形式,其变化规则如下:
变化规则例 词一般在动词词尾加-s,makes drives以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词加-esguesses goes以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加-escarries flies
助动词do(第三人称单数用does)构成否定句、疑问句及答语,但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词要恢复原形。例如:
I like music.I don’t like music.
Do you like music?Yes, I doNo, I don’t
(2)一般现在时的用法
①表示经常、习惯性动作,常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等时间状语连用。如:
He goes to school by bus every day.
They often play football
②表示能力、职业、特征。如:
Miss Gao teachesEnglish.
Do you speak Japanese?
③表示客观存在。如:
The earth moves round the sun.
Time and tide wait for no man.
④表示已经安排好或计划好的事。如
The plane takes off at 7:30.
Classes begin at 8:00
⑤在时间状语和条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。如:
If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.
We’ll wait until he comes back.
注意:
a.一般现在时的一些常见的时间状语有:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time
b.现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时,表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always, forever以表示说话人的某种感情,如赞叹、厌烦等。如:
He is always thinking of others.
He is always talking big.
二,一般过去时
(1)一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。
①当动词为be动词时,应该用相应的过去式:
am is ---- wasare ---- were
否定形式为:was not ---- wasn’t were not ---- weren’t
疑问句是将was, were置于主语之前。
I was in Grade Three last term.
I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.
Which grade were you in?
②当动词为实义动词时,用动词的过去式,过去式的变化有规则和不规则变化。规则变化如下:
变化规则例词一般情况在词尾加-edworked以-e结尾的在词尾加-dusedlived以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i再加-edstudiedcarried重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写此辅音字母再加-edstoppedfitted
动词过去式的不规则变化需要逐个记忆。见初三教材后的不规则动词变化形式表。
go ---- wentbegin ---- begansleep ---- sleptrun ---- ran
I heard the good news just now.
The twins didn’t go to school last week
Did you see the film yesterday ?
(2)一般过去时的用法
①表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用:yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如:
They had a baby last month.
My mother was ill yesterday.
He went out just now.
②用于since引导的从句,主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时动词原形用英语怎么说,since引导的从句一般要用一般过去时。如:
He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
注意:
a.表示过去的时间状语常见的有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引导的的表示过去的时间状语。
b.一般过去时可以用来表示现在的时间,这主要用于日常会话,使用的语气较为婉转客气。如:
I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.
三,一般将来时
(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用:tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如
I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.
I’ll be there in half an hour.
We’ll arrive tomorrow.
(2)一般将来时的构成
①be going to +动词原形。Be随主语人称和数的变化而变化,否定句在be后面加not,疑问句是将be放到主语之后。例如:
It’s going to be fine tomorrow.
He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.
What are you going to do next?
②will +动词原形。Will可以和各种人称及数的主语连用。否定句在will后加not,缩写成won’t,疑问句需将will提至主语之前。例如:
We will have a basketball match next week.
Will you come to the party?
I son’t lend it to you.
③shall+动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称I / we的句中,疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如:
When and where shall we meet ?
Shall I turn on the TV ?
(3)一般将来时的基本用法。
①“be going to +动词原形”表示“意图”,即打算、计划要做某事。如:
Are you going to post the letter ?
How long is he going to stay here ?
②“be going to +动词原形”还可以表示“预见”,即现在已有迹象表明将要发生的事。如:
There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.
It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.
③“will +动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如:
He will help you if you ask him.
They will come back tomorrow.
四,过去将来时
过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一般将来时类似,只需将助动词改为过去式。
am/ is/ are going to +动词原形→was/ were going to +动词原形
will +动词原形→would+动词原形
should +动词原形→should+动词原形
例如:
You knew I would come.
He asked me when he would see me again.
Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.
五,现在进行时
(1)现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由“be +动词的现在分词”构成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑问句则将be提到主语之前。
(1)现在分词的构成
变化规则例词一般情况直接加-ingdo—doing help ---- helping以不发音的e结尾的,去-e加-ingtake---taking have ---- having重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写此辅音字母再加-ingstop ---- stopping set ---- settingbegin----beginning drop---dropping
(3)现在进行时的用法。
①表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:
What are you doing ?Who are you waiting for ?
I’m cooking
②表示现阶段一直在进行的动作,但说话时不一定在进行。如:
He is working in a factory.She is translating look now.
③表示不断重复的动作。如:
The boy is always asking some strange questions.
The children are singing and dancing.
④表示位置移动的动词,可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如:
When are you starting ?I’m leaving tomorrow.
六,过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其构成和现在进行时类似,只需将be变为相应的过去式:was/ were+动词-ing。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday ?
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
I was watching TV.
I was writing while my mother was cooking.
教学班
①过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后,另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如:
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
当我在花园浇水时,突然下雨了。
While we were having a party, the lights went out.
②过去进行时还可以表示两个过去的动作同时进行,这时可用连接词while引导。如:
George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.
③“was going +不定式”表示过去打算。如
He was going to be our team leader.他原打算当我们的领队。
④过去进行时与一般过去的区别
过去进行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如:
I was typing letters last night.
I typed some letters last night.
行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如:
I was typing letters last night.
I typed some letters last night.
第十九课时 动词的时态(五)
教学重点
现在完成时(一)
七,现在完成时
(1)现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),这个动作或状态可能已经结束,也可能还要持续下去。
其构成形式是: have/ has + 动词过去分词
否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t
疑问句要将have/ has放到主语之前。
(2)现在完成时的用法。
① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有:already, yet, ever, never, just等。如:
I have already finished the work.
Have you ever been to Beijing?
He has never seen such a nice car.
② 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
for + 时间段;
since + 时间点(表时间段);时间段+ago;一般过去时态。如:
I have taught in this school for ten years.
I have taught in this school since ten years ago.
③ for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”,所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词,不能用非延续性动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间,如:live, work, study, teach, stay等,非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续,是短暂的、瞬间完成的动词原形用英语怎么说,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。
许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示:
leave ---- be away fromarrive ---- be in
go ---- be awaycome ---- be in / atfinish ---- be over
buy ---- haveborrow ---- keepdie ---- be dead
join ---- be in/be a member ofbegin ---- be on
如:He has goneHe has been away for an hour
I have bought a watchI have had the watch for several days
④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to :曾去过
have/ has gone to :已去,去了(不在说话现场,在途中或已经到达)
My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国
My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国
(3)现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
① 一般过去时只单纯表示过去,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以不能和确定的过去的时间状语连用。如:
We have visited the farm(现在对农场有所了解)
We visited the farm last week(说明上周参观农场这件事)
② 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如:
When did you lose your cat ?
I lost it last night.I found it in the garden.
第二十课时 动词的时态(六)
教学重点
现在完成时(二) 过去完成时
现在完成时难点:
① 由since引导的时间状语动词原形用英语怎么说:英语动词八大时态精讲,它们的主句通常使用完成时态。
He has taught English since 1970.
It has been a long time since I last saw you.
② 只有在It is …since…这种结构中,主句的谓语才可用一般现在时,现在完成时或一般过去时。如:
It’s ten years since I left school.
It’s a long time since I saw you last.
③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,这类动词有:
begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish,
join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等,如:
不能说:His father has died for three years.
只能说:His father died three years ago.
不能说:He has left home for two months.
只能说:He left home two months ago.
④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since时间状语连用。如:
I haven’t seen him for a long time.
I haven’t heard from him since he left.
She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.
⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的区别。
Have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”,表示曾到过某处,但现在人不在那儿;have gone to意思是“去了”,表示已经去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如:
Has she ever been to Nanjing ?
You have never been there before, have you?
I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.
总之,have been to讲的是过去的情况,强调去过或没有,着重于到目前为止的一个结果,而have gone to指现在人在不在,只用于第三人称,不用于第一、第二人称,不能用来代替have been to.
2、过去完成时
(1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是:had + 动词过去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。
(2)用法
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。如:
The meeting had begun when we got there.
He said he had seen the film.
② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:
The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.
She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
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